华夏地理:健康小贴士:要水果,不要果汁

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健康小贴士:要水果,不要果汁

人们正在佛蒙特州的夏洛特浆果农场里手工采摘蓝莓。

摄影:ROBERT NICKELSBERG,盖蒂图片社

撰文:Amanda Fiegl

随着生活水平提高,糖尿病也加入了现代健康杀手行列。科学家早就发现了降低这种疾病风险的好方法:吃水果。不过,可不是所有水果都有这样的奇效;更有甚者,当水果变成果汁之后,反而会加大发病概率。所以,为了我们的健康,还是直接吃水果吧。

发表于《英国医学杂志》的一篇研究报告指出,营养学发现食用某些水果,尤其是蓝莓,可以降低26%二型糖尿病的发病率。这项调查共花费25年时间,样本数量超过180000人。调查的水果包括葡萄或葡萄干、西梅、香蕉、哈密瓜、苹果、梨、橙子、柚子、蓝莓、草莓和核果类水果(桃子、李子、杏子)。

蓝莓对于降低糖尿病风险功效显著,继而是葡萄和苹果,尤其是每周的食用数量在三份或以上,而蓝莓则要半杯就可以。西梅、梨、香蕉和柚子也有一定的作用,但其他水果就不行了。

这项研究的合著者、哈佛公共卫生学院附属布莱根妇女医院的营养学助理教授Qi Sun告诉我们,这种差异取决于一种叫做多酚的植物性化学物质,包括花青素、绿原酸和白藜芦醇,它们都是强大的抗氧化剂,可以帮助身体处理葡萄糖。蓝莓、葡萄和苹果都富含这些有益的多酚。

Sun与合作者的研究数据共分为两部分,其中一部分来自于哈佛护士健康研究项目的151209名女性参与者。自1976年,该项目就通过问卷调查和医疗测试的方式,追踪了这些护士的生活方式和健康状况。除此之外,他们还通过1986年的到2008年的健康专业人员追踪研究,获得了36173名男性医疗卫生专业人员的数据。

这项研究还发现了一个有趣的转折。营养学家发现,与吃水果相比,喝果汁不仅不能带来同样的好处,反而会提高糖尿病的风险,苹果、橙子和葡萄都是这样。每天至少喝一份果汁的人比那些不喝的人患糖尿病的风险要高21%。

Sun列举了一些理由,“果汁的制作过程会导致一些多酚和食纤维质流失”,再加上液体比固体的吸收速度更快,因此喝果汁比吃水果所带来的“葡萄糖和胰岛素反应更多更快”。

问卷并没有特别提到这些果汁是否经过巴氏杀菌或者加糖,尽管从商店购买的大多数果汁都会经过这样的处理。

从大规模流行病研究中,很难得到特定的数据,Sun认为:“参与者往往不会意识到自己喝的果汁里加了多少糖,但我们可以合理推断出一点:加糖的果汁与患糖尿病的风险关系密切。”

Sun最后给出建议:与其简单地计算碳水化合物,人们更应该关心饮食中碳水化合物的品质。全麦要比精制的碳水化合物,如白面包更健康,吃水果也比喝经过处理的果汁更好。

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}, shareInfo: { shareUrl: 'https://m.toutiao.com/i6488199639244734989/', abstract: '人们正在佛蒙特州的夏洛特浆果农场里手工采摘蓝莓。摄影:ROBERT NICKELSBERG,盖蒂图片社撰文:Amanda Fiegl随着生活水平提高,糖尿病也加入了现代健康杀手行列。科学家早就发现了降低这种疾病风险的好方法:吃水果。

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